定义位置（）.pptVIP

Defining location GIS地理空间基础 地理位置 地理位置（location）指明地方感，是一个实体在某坐标系统中的参照点，它识别研究领域所在地方，提供“在哪里（where）”和“为什么(what)”相关问题的调查线索。 地理位置表达方式 ⑴地理场所（geographic site）,指明占据的实际空间。如南开大学在天津市区占据148公顷面积。 ⑵地理态势（geographic situation），说明一个地点如何与其它地点具有关联。如南开大学介于天津大学与复康路之间，东邻卫津路，西为白堤路。 ⑶数学位置（mathematical location），使用测量系统的精确位置描述，一般数学位置需要定义坐标系统和坐标原点，通过（经度，纬度，高度）标定位置。精确的数学地理位置需要准确的地理坐标系统定义。 ⑷地名（toponyms），即地方名称，如“南开大学”、“天津”标识了南开大学、天津城市的位置。 Models of the Earth The earth can be modeled as a Sphere oblate ellipsoid geoid 1.Figures of the Earth  latitude and longitude geographic coordinates shape of the Earth sphere radius 6378km first measurement made by Eratosthenes French definition of the meter in late 1700s 1 ten millionth of the distance from the Equator to the Pole 6378 * pi / 2 = 10018.530 km orm Concluded Earth was flatter at poles Measures were erroneous but conclusions were correct Models of the Earth The earth can be modeled as a sphere, oblate ellipsoid geoid Earth Shape: Sphere and Ellipsoid Earth as Oblate Ellipsoid Poles axis of rotation wobble of perhaps 5m Equator perpendicular to the axis bisecting through the center The Spheroid and Ellipsoid The sphere is about 40 million meters in circumference. An ellipsoid is an ellipse rotated in three dimensions about its shorter axis. The earths ellipsoid is only 1/297 off from a sphere. Many ellipsoids have been measured, and maps based on each. Examples are WGS84 and GRS80. latitude angle at the center between point and plane of the equator symbol phi ranges from 90S to 90N, -90 to +90 in GIS Santa Barbara about 34N 1 degree about 70 miles or 111 km 6378 * 2 * pi / 360 = 111.3 degrees divided into 60 minutes 1 minute equals 1 nautical mile:about 1.2 miles (statute mil