认知心理学5短时记忆和工作记忆.ppt

What’s the difference between STM WM? Definition of WM (Baddeley, 2000) Difference between STM WM Single component VS. a number of components Holding time VS. manipulation Is there anything should be changed in the modal model? Think about it 2. Baddeley’s working memory model (2000) Example Example The phonological loop A system specialized for language. Phonological similarity effect “mac, can, cap, map” harder than “pen, pay, cow, rig” Word-length effect “Long words” harder than “short words” Articulatory suppression “Reading + Repeating irrelevant sound” harder than “reading only” Three effects (Baddeley et al., 1984) Reduces the memory span because speaking interferes with rehearsal. Eliminates the word-length effect because eliminating rehearsal eliminates the advantage for short words. Reduces the phonological similarity effect because no transfer to phonological loop as loop is engaged. The visuospatial sketch pad Brooks (1968) WM can handle different (phonological visual-spatial) types of information But easily overloads when similar types are presented simultaneously. The central executive Does most of the work of WM. Coordinate the operation of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad. Controlling the suppression of irrelevant information. Gazzaley et al. (2005) Figure 5.21 Question: attention and the central executive? Update on the WM model: Addition of the episodic buffer Baddeley (2000) Reason: Performance is better than would be expected based on the WM model. Episodic buffer (Figure 5.23) A “backup” store that communicates with both LTM and the components of WM. Can hold information longer and has greater capacity than the phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad. Question: not detailed. WM and the brain The delayed-response task in monkeys If prefrontal cortex is removed, performance drops to chance level. Prefrontal cortex is important for holding informati