终结Some Important Distinctions in Linguistics.pptVIP

Some Important Distinctions in Linguistics ; ;;Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性 VS.描写性;Prescriptivism prefers rules of that is correct. To prescriptivists, the duty of grammarians, schoolmasters and dictionary makers is to maintain some absolute standard of correctness. Any deviations from the rules are said to be incorrect or nonstandard. So, the prescriptive approach relies heavily on rules of grammar. ;Descriptivism claims that the linguists first task is to describe the way people actually speak and write their language. Linguistics describes data observed. Linguists are interested in what is said, not what they think ought to be said. They are observers and recorders, not judges. ;Synchronic vs. diachronic ;20世纪80年代???????????? ? 漂亮妹妹? —— 英俊哥哥 20世纪90年代?????????????? 靓妹 —— 酷哥 20世纪90年代末—21世纪初? ?美眉 ?—— 靓仔 21世纪至今 美女 —— 帅哥;Speech vs. Writing;Spoken language is the natural or primary medium of human language.; Writing ;Langue and Parole ;;Competence and performance ;Saussure and Chomsky;;Traditional grammar vs. modern linguistics ;Some differences between traditional grammar and modern linguistics;Ferdinand de Saussure 弗迪南·德·索绪尔; Course in General Linguistics ;1、索绪尔注重语言的共时性而有别于19世纪对语言历时性的分析。共时性观点:某一时间点上的一种语言是自足的功能系统。 2、对现代语言学的另一个巨大贡献:认为语言学的主要研究对象应该是口语，而不是书面语。“语言是人类话语能力的社会产物，而且它是被社会使用和容许人用这个能力的必要习惯的总和”，而语言结构是受规律支配的、“意义其实是被语言创造出来的”。 3、索绪尔的语言学思想今天被称为“索绪尔语言学”，也称“索绪尔主义”。索绪尔语言理论的影响不只限于语言学，现代人类学、精神分析学、文学、哲学、戏剧等多个领域都受到它的深刻影响，并采用《普通语言学教程》的理论和方法分析这些学科所研究的对象的结构。