跨文化-第二章-communication-and-culture.pptx

;;Definitions of Culture; Culture is ubiquitous,multidimensional,complex and all-pervasive. Definitions of culture are numerous. Kroeber kluckhohn(1952) listed 164 definitions of the culture that they found in the anthropology literature. Culture is everything. Culture is opera,art and ballet.;Hoebel and Frost : culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritence. Two reasons: 1. Culture is learned. 2. Each individual is confined at birth to a specific geographic location and thus exposed to certain messages while denied others;Bates and Plog : Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.;Final definition :;Characteristics of Culture;Characteristics of Culture; Regardless of how many definitions we could have examined, there would have been a great deal of agreement concerning the eight major characteristics of culture. a) Culture is learned. b) Culture is transmitted from generation to generation. c) Culture is based on symbols. d) Culture is subject to change ? e) Culture is integrated. ? f) Culture is ethnocentric. g) Culture is adaptive. ; Two reasons :;Types of Culture;Characteristics of Culture;Culture is learned.;Enculturation; From infancy, members of a culture learn their patterns of behavior and ways of thinking until most of them become internalized and habitual. We learn our culture in many ways and from a variety of sources. ;3. The Indian child who lives in a home where the women eat after the men is learning culture. ;{;Characteristics of Culture;We learn our culture through proverbs.;e.g. 1. a few proverbs from the United States a)?Strike while