syntax 英语语言学ppt技术方案.pptVIP

syntax;Definition;Sentence;Structuralist Definition;He didn’t come until it was quite dark.;Immediate Constituent Analysis;The principle is that we take a sentence and cut it into two and then cut these parts into two and continue with this segmentation until we reach the smallest grammatical unit, the morphemes. ;Constituent;Immediate constituent;Ultimate Constituent; Transformational And Generative grammar;I.While IC analysis was capable of demonstrating some of the relationships in English sentence patterns, it provided no basis for analysis of the differences between sentences whose patterns were the same but the relationships different. ;A:John is easy to please. B:John is eager to please. ;2. This problem comes into even sharper focus when ambiguous sentences are considered.; This sentence may refer to a time when the relatives come to visit or to a time when the speaker goes to see the relatives.;3. Similar problems must be dealt with in explaining synonymy---that is, sentences having the same meaning but different structures.; 4.Still other structures are recognized as similar by speakers of English.;Transformationalists hoped to meet these challenges: ;3)They insisted on simplicity of description. That is, all evaluation of proposed rules would be based on deciding which rules accounted for observable facts in the least complicated manner;4) The ultimate goal of the grammar would be to account for the syntactic structure of all of the sentences possible in English.;Two concepts to Understand;Surface Structure;Deep Structure;Deep Structure;PS rule 1 S---NP VP ;The boy studied the book.; Two Aspects of TG Grammar ;Components of a TG;A. Syntactic Component;The Base;Phrase Structure Rules;S;The lexicon is a full list of vocabulary items. Attached to each item is information about its word class, and the syntactic slot into which it can be placed.;These are the restrictions on the type of noun that can be selected with each verb.