Chapter 8 Output Devices 智能仪表 教材.pptVIP

In cases when a PWM timer is not available, or when the number Of PWM channels is less than the required number of analog outputs, the solution is to use special external circuits, called Digital-to-Analog Convener, or DACs. There is a variety of such circuits with different resolutions (the number of bits of the converted word), different conversion time, or different ways to present the result (serial/parallel). The majority of them operate on the same principle, by dividing the current in a ladder type R-2R resistor network. The simplified schematic of a 4-bit DAC based on this principle is presented in Fig. 8.4 Fig. 8.4 Simplified schematic of a 4-bit DAC, using R-2R ladder network In this circuit, the operational amplifier acts in such a way that the potential of the inverting input is maintained equal to the potential of the non-inverting input, which is connected directly to ground. As a consequence, regardless of the status of the switches S3-S0, the network acts as if all of the 2R resistors, have a terminal connected to ground. This means that the equivalent resistance that loads Vref is constant, equal to R, and the total absorbed current from Vref is also constant, Iref = Vref/R. The currents flowing through the four switches (S3, S2, S 1, S0) are I3 = Iref/2, I2 = I ref/4, I1=Iref/8, I0 =Iref/16. The output voltage is Vout=-IF×RF Where IF is a fraction of Iref,directed by the switches S3-S0 to the inverting input of the operational amplifier . IF=b3 ×I3+b2 ×I2+b1 ×I1+b0 ×I0 IF=Iref(b0/2+b1/4+b2/8+b3/16) There(b3-b0) are the bits of the word that must be converted to an analog Value. It follows that the output voltage Vout is proportional to the binary value to be converted. A typical example of a circuit, built on this principle, is MX7224 from MaximThe functional block diagram and the pin configuration of the circuit are shown in the Fig. 8.5 Fig. 8.5 Block diagram and pin configurat