chapter 5 Semantics英语专业语言学PPT演示教学.pptVIP

Major sense relations—antonymy 123 1.Gradable antonyms 可分等级反义词 High-low, rich-poor, old-young 2.Complementaries 互补反义词(ungradable antonyms) dead-alive, male-female, sleep-awake 3.Relational opposites关系反义词 teacher-student, buy-sell, let-rent, above-below Major sense relations :Hyponymy 124 Hyponymy下义关系involves the notion of meaning inclusion. The meanings of a hyponym下义词and its co-hyponyms并列下义词are ‘included’ in the meaning of their superordinate 上义词. Hyponymy Major sense relations :Hyponymy 124-5 Bird nightingale sparrow hawk Superordinate/ hyperonym hyponyms Major sense relations meronymy car Wheel engine door piston valve Etc. Major sense relations—meronymy 125 Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship b/t lexical items整体部分关系 Meronymy vs. hyponymy : Part-whole vs. general-specific Questions Distinguish between denotative and connotative meaning, and give examples of each. What distinction can we draw between sense and reference? What is the difference between lexical and grammatical meaning? Questions Give an opposite for each of the following words. Then divide the pairs into different types of opposite relations and explain how they differ. parent, bad, fat, above, short, male, husband, strong, black, buy, married, old, open. Explain and exemplify hyponymy Semantic fields 语义场 117-8 Also called lexical field, is a set of words with an identifiable semantic connection. Words can be classified into sets according to their meaning. Lexical gap(词汇空缺): the absence of a word in a particular place in a semnatic field of a language. E.g.: cousin=female or male?, cow+bull=? 5 Semantics Semantics is the study of meaning in language. (p.104) It stands at the very center of the linguistic quest to understand the nature of language and human language ability because expressing meanings is what languages are all about. Meaning in Communication Linguistic meaning Sentence meaning Le