(财政学罗森第九版英文课件)Chap012Income Redistribution培训资料.pptVIP

12-* CHAPTER 12 Income Redistribution: Conceptual Issues Copyright ? 2010 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin The Distribution of Income Among Households Source: US Bureau of the Census [2008b Note: These figures do not include the value of in-kind transfers. Who is Poor? Group Poverty Rate Group Poverty Rate All persons 12.5% Under 18 years 17.0% White 8.2 65 years and older 9.7 Black 24.5 Female households, no husband present Hispanic origin 21.5 28.3 Source: US Bureau of the Census, [2008a] Figures are for 2007. Poverty Rate (1960-2007) Source: US Bureau of the Census [2008a] Measuring Poverty Poverty line Implications for Income Inequality Paul’s marginal utility 0 Peter’s marginal utility Paul’s income Peter’s income 0 0’ MUPaul MUPeter a e c d f I* b Paul’s income Peter’s income Take ab from Peter and give to Paul Paul gains this much utility Peter loses this much utility This is the net gain to society Social welfare maximized Evaluating the Assumptions Assumption 1 Assumption 2 Assumption 3 The Maximin Criterion Social Welfare FunctionW = Minimum(U1, U2, …, Un) Maximin criterion - No inequality acceptable unless it works to the advantage of the least well off Original position – “behind the veil of ignorance” Critique of Rawls Pareto Efficient Income Redistribution Will redistribution always make someone worse off? Utility FunctionUi = F(X1, X2, …, Xn, U1, U2, …, Ui-1, Ui+1, …, Um) Redistribution if gain in utility from charity exceeds loss from reduced consumption Government reduces cost of redistribution Income distribution as a Public Good Social safety net Social stability Non-individualistic Views Fundamental principles specifying income distribution derived independent of tastes Incomes distributed equally as matter of principle Plato’s 4:1 ratio of highest to lowest income Commodity Egalitarianism Other Considerations Processes versus Outcomes Fairness of distribution of income judged by fairness of p