染色体与dna2.pptVIP

第31页/共58页 第32页/共58页 第33页/共58页 第34页/共58页 第二节 DNA的结构 * * 3. DNA的高级结构 DNA的高级结构指DNA双螺旋进一步扭曲盘旋所形成的特定空间结构。 超螺旋结构是DNA高级结构的主要形式，可分为正超螺旋和负超螺旋两类，它们在不同类型的拓扑异构酶作用下或特殊情况下可相互转变，如： 拓扑异构酶 溴乙啶 拓扑异构酶 溴乙啶 负超螺旋 正超螺旋 松弛DNA 第35页/共58页 第二节 DNA的结构 * * 3. DNA的高级结构 DNA的超螺旋结构形成的意义： 使DNA形成高度致密状态从而得以装入核中； 推动DNA结构的转化以满足 功能上的需要。如负超螺旋 分子所受张力会引起互补链 分开导致局部变性，利于复 制和转录。 螺旋 超螺旋 第36页/共58页 DNA Supercoiling超螺旋 E. Coli bacterium: ~ 1 um (10-6m) long Its genome: ~ 1300 um long !!! A human cell: ~ 10 um long Its genome: ~ 1,000,000 um ?1m long !! How do cells contain / package / handle their DNA? Some chromosomes are linear: - eukaryotes and some viruses Some are circular: - bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts and some viruses In ALL cases, the DNA is COILED(盘绕） very tightly in the cell 第37页/共58页 Double-stranded circular DNA or linear DNA duplexes whose ends are not free to rotate form supercoils supercoiling results from overwinding or underwinding the DNA double helix prior to joining both ends of each strand. relaxed supercoiled What is Supercoiling 第38页/共58页 Negative supercoiling（负超螺旋） is where the supercoils are in the opposite direction to the coiling of the DNA double helix（超螺旋的方向与DNA双螺旋的方向相反）--- underwinding， add additional left-handed helix (B or A-DNA) Positive supercoiling （正超螺旋） is in the same direction as the helix（超螺旋的方向与DNA双螺旋的方向相同）---- overwinding， add additional right-handed helix(B or A-DNA) Direction of supercoiling DNA Supercoiling 第39页/共58页 Characteristics of Supercoiled DNA Property of closed circular DNA （supercoiling can only exist in a molecule where both strands of DNA are closed circles; if one breaks, the DNA rapidly loses its supercoiling (relaxes)） Supercoiled DNA has a higher energy than relaxed DNA. Topoisomerases exist in cell regulating the level of supercoiling of DNA molecules. Almost all DNA molecules in cells are on average negatively supercoiled. 第40页/共58页 L = T + W L = Linking number is the total number of turns in a circular D