生物地理学教学第1章PPT.ppt

Darlington (1957):;Geographical Differentiation in Species Distribution: ;Geographical Differentiation in Species Distribution: ;;Biogeography;Definition of species;Points of allopatric speciation ;2. Evolution;Prokaryotes;Eukaryotes: unicellular;Eukaryotes: transition from uni- to multicellular;Evolutionary branch;Eukaryotes: earliest multicellular plants and their further evolution (470 mybp, N, 2013; S, 2012);;孢子(spore)脱离亲本后能直接或间接发育成新个体的生殖细胞。它是有丝分裂或减数分裂的产物；多数为单倍体，少数为二倍体。孢子一般为单细胞的，也可能是多细胞的繁殖体。由于它的性状不同，发生过程和结构的差异，形成了孢子的多样性。 ;Eukaryotes: earliest terrestrial multicellular plants and their further evolution (360 mybp, University of California Museum of Paleontology, 2014);Eukaryotes: earliest terrestrial multicellular plants and their further evolution (319 mybp, Jiao et al., 2011);;;;Further evolution of angiosperms: Euanthium theory (carpel theory);;;;Primitive families in carpel theory;*;Further evolution of angiosperms: Pseudanthium theory;;Eukaryotes: unicellular;Eukaryotes: earliest multicellular animals and their further evolution (500 mybp，ScienceDaily, 2007);Eukaryotes: earliest multicellular animals and their further evolution (annelids; 505 mybp, Dzik, 2004);Cambrian adaptive radiation after annelids:;;Cambrian adaptive radiation after annelids:;;Evolution of vertebrates;;Evolution of vertebrates;Evolution of vertebrates;Evolution of vertebrates;Transitional features;Three steps toward mammals;Earliest primate (650-558mybp);Earliest prosimians;First anthropoidea (some 34mybp);;Transitional form from monkeys to apes (21 mybp);Divergence of gibbons and apes (15.9-17.6 mybp, Carbone Lucia et al., 2014);Divergence of humans from other apes (Toth et al., 2005; Fleagle, 1999);1.Diverging from chimps: 7-13 mybp 2. S. tchadensis: 7 mybp 3. Orrorin: 6 mybp 4. Ardipithecus: 4.5 mybp 1。不同从黑猩猩:7 - 13 mybp;Number of species:;2. Evolution;How many species are there living/ever lived on the earth?有多少种生活/曾经生活在地球上吗;How many species are there living/ever lived on the eart