第十一章 核酸的合成2PPT.ppt

DNA and RNA syntheses are similar in some aspects but different in others;;But:;; 在起始合成前，RNA聚合酶先与DNA模板链相结合，只有一条链作为模板进行RNA的合成，故称为不对称转录，这条转录RNA的模板DNA链称为模板链或反义链，另一条称为有义链。;;第二节 RNA的生物合成;n1 ATP n2 GTP RNA聚合酶 n3 UTP ---------------→RNA+(n1+n2+n3+n4)ppi n4 CTP DNA模板，Mg2+ ; MW,46万,五个亚基两个α亚基，一个β亚基,一个β’亚基和σ因子，含有2个Zn2+离子，与β’相连接。没有σ亚基时称为核心酶，核心酶有催化聚合反应的活性，σ为起始因子，识别起始位点。全酶制剂中还存在一种分子量较小的ω亚基，核心酶没有。;The E.coli RNA polymerase consists of four types of subunits Holoenzyme: ;;There are three kinds of RNA polymerases (I, II, and III) in eukaryotic cells;Eukaryotic RNA polymerases;a-amanitin：何方神圣？;Amanita phalloides;a-amanitin;;2.RNA的合成过程: (分为4步) (1)RNA聚合酶与DNA模板的结合 RNA聚合酶在有义链的启动子部位结合。 启动子:指RNA聚合酶识别、结合和开始转录的一段DNA序列，σ识别启动部位。 这一部位富含AT，熔点(Tm)较低，双链容易打开。 RNA聚合酶在此与DNA形成复合物,并沿模板3’→5’方向移动。 ;promoter;;-10 sequences (Pribnow box);The s subunits enable the E.coli RNA polymerase to recognize promoter sites;Standard Heat-shock Nitrogen starvation;(2)转录起始;;The s factor helps initiate RNA synthesis at promoters;;;;(3)链的延长:;;;(4)转录的终止;The length of RNA molecules synthesized in vitro vary with and without adding the r protein. ;;A r-independent terminator: a model;Stem-loop (hairpin) structure ;;;;原核生物转录;真核生物转录;The action of RNA polymerases can be specifically suppressed;? ? ? 转录的RNA原初产物需要经过一系列的拼接、裂解、修饰才具有生物功能,这个过程称为加工。 ; 原核生物mRNA一般不需要加工，一经转录，即可翻译，真核生物转录的mRNA含有内含子和外显子的分子很大，很不均一，称hnRNA，;An eukaryotic mRNA precursor acquire a 5` cap shortly after transcription initiates;The 5`cap of mRNA and its formation process;;Most eukaryotic mRNAs (except histone mRNAs) have a poly(A) tail at the 3`end;Cleavage signal;;;RNA splicing;;Single stranded DNA loops were observed when mature chicken ovalbumin mRNA was hybridized with denatured DNA containing the ovalbumin gene (R-looping technique).;;;RNA editing;Many mRNA molecules in the mitochondria of trypanosomes have been found to be extensively edited by the insertion and deletion of U residues; The extensive RNA e