第五章 雷暴.ppt

What is a thunderstorm? Described as a cumulus cloud (Cb) gone wild. A weather phenomenon whose passage creates extremely serious hazards to flying. Accompanied by thunder and lightning, strong vertical drafts(气流), severe gusts(阵风) and turbulence, heavy rain and sometimes hail. Requirements for the Formation Types of Thunderstorms Airmass thunderstorms(热雷暴/地形雷暴) Isolated – caused by convection or orographic lift Formed in cols or weak lows Most frequent over land in summer Formed by day, clear by night Easy to avoid Frontal thunderstorms(锋面雷暴) Usually formed in a line at a cold front or occlusion Found in active depressions(低压) or troughs(槽) Formed over land or sea, day or night Often accompanied by a squall line (飑线) Often embedded (隐藏) in cloud, should be avoided Thunderstorm Development (single cell) Thunderstorm Development (single cell) Cumulus Stage: Lifting action: initiates the vertical movement of air. Water vapor: condenses into water droplets or ice crystals Released heat: provides energy for continued vertical growth Temperature: higher inside the cell Strong updrafts(上升气流): no precipitation Water droplets or ice crystals: rise and fall, grow larger TCu clouds Thunderstorm Development (single cell) Thunderstorm Development (single cell) Mature Stage: Precipitation falls and creates a downward motion Warm updrafts cool downdrafts At the surface, air spreads outward a sharp drop in temperature a rise in pressure strong, gusty surface winds gust front: leading edge of gusty surface winds roll cloud(滚轴云): a rolling, turbulent, circular-shaped(圆形的) cloud from at the lower leading edge of the cloud At the top cirriform clouds anvil shape(砧状): an indicator of upper-level winds and points in the direction of the storm’s movement Thunderstorm Development (single cell) Mature Stage in Arid Region(干旱区)： Virga(雨幡) occurs Below the virga, invisible downdraft exists The combination of gusty winds, lack of precipitation reaching the ground, and lightning often cause