Solutions University of Massachusetts Lowell解决的方案麻州大学的洛厄尔.pptVIP

Osmotic Pressure The minimum pressure needed to just stop osmosis is called the osmotic pressure. Osmotic Pressure Π = MRT(i) where Π is the osmotic pressure M is molarity (mol solute/L of soln) R = 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K T is temperature in Kelvins Osmotic Pressure - Applications A relatively dilute solution provides a fairly large osmotic pressure. As a result, osmotic pressure is an excellent way to obtain molar masses of very dilute solutes such a proteins. Problem 0.8750 g of a protein is dissolved in enough water to make 100. ml of solution.? The solution has an osmotic pressure of 3.8 mm Hg at 25oC.? Calculate the molar mass of the protein. Osmotic Pressure - Applications Renal dialysis uses osmosis to rid the blood of waste products in people with kidney failure. Osmotic Pressure - Applications Isotonic saline is a salt solution with the same osmotic pressure as blood cells. This maintains a fluid balance within the cell. Osmotic Pressure - Applications If a solution of saline is too concentrated, the cell will become dehydrated and shrink (crenate). Osmotic Pressure - Applications If a solution of saline is too dilute, the red blood cells become swollen with excess water and eventually burst (hemolysis). Osmotic Pressure - Applications In reverse osmosis, a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to a solution. Pure solvent can be obtained on the other side of the membrane. Osmotic Pressure - Applications Behavior of Electrolytes The van’t Hoff factor, i, represents the number of particles formed in solution for each solute particle dissolved. i = moles of particles in solution moles of solute dissolved Behavior of Electrolytes For ionic solutes, we expect the value of i to be 2 for NaCl, 3 for MgCl2, and 4 for FeCl3, etc. In extremely dilute solutions, the observed value of i is very close to these expected values. Behavior of Electrolytes However, as solutions become more concentrated, ion pairing occurs, a