Sex Gender性与性别.pptVIP

Sex Gender Define sex Gender. Biological Factors In sex differences Social learning Theory Gender Roles Psychoanalytical Theory and Gender Roles. Cognitive Development Gender roles Cultural Differences in gender roles. Definitions of sex gender. Sex……Biological aspects of individual. Gender….Psychological Cultural aspects of maleness femaleness. Biological Factors In Sex Differences. Chromosomes….XX- congratulations it’s a girl. XY- congratulations it’s a boy. Gonads:- Reproductive organs Girlies- Ovaries Little Men Testes. Biological Factors In Sex Differences cont……… Hormones-Chemical development of internal reproductive organs. Social learning Theory Gender Roles. Observation- Children notice everything!!!!!!!!!! And imitate it. Models..anyone who is observed. Similar:-same sex and frequency of behaviour. Powerful/Caring:- Parents, teachers. Reinforced:- If gaining pleasure will reinforce the behaviour.(Also known as vicarious reinforcement) Imitations………… The child will imitate behaviour of people they like and look upto: Reinforcement Punishment. If reinforced the child will perform behaviour more frequently. If punished will not perform behaviour. Evaluation of Social Learning Theory. Gender differences occur due to societal reinforcement. However: does not explain: Gender preference for toys Children reared in one/homosexual families Children persist in behaviour. Psychoanalytical theory Gender Roles. Marked by: Oedipus Complex. Boys want mother scared of father. Electra complex for girls ALL OCCURS IN PHALLIC STAGE. What do we think of Freud???? Should have poorly developed gender identity if in single sex family…..not the case. Children younger than 4 aware of gender roles and toys, how could Freud have explained this? Cognitive Development Gender roles. Kohlberg (1966):- Child cognition important factor in development of gender role. Once understand gender does not change, achieves gender identity. This occurs in 3 stages. Stage