FORMAL LOGIC I PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC我的命题逻辑形式逻辑.pptVIP

Propositional Logic USEM 40a Spring 2006 James Pustejovsky Evaluation of Deductive Arguments argument A is a deductive argument =df. A is an argument in which the conclusion is supposed to follow from the premises with necessity / with certainty deductive argument A is valid =df. it is not possible for all of A’s premises to be true and its conclusion false deductive argument A is sound =df. (i) A is valid, and (ii) all of A’s premises are true Formal Logic with many deductive arguments, validity is a matter simply of form, of structure formal logic studies these cases in which validity depends solely on form not all valid arguments are formally valid: (P) Grover is a bachelor. (C) Therefore, Grover does not have a wife. argument A is formally valid if, in virtue of A’s logical form alone, it is impossible for all of A’s premises to be true and its conclusion false (P1) All 19th Cent. American presidents are dead people. (P2) All dead people are people who do not vote. (C) Therefore, all 19th Cent. American presidents are people who do not vote. Why study formal logic? It gives us a more robust understanding of validity in general It forms the building block for our model of meaning in language and for reasoning in general Introduction to Propositional(or “Sentential” or “Truth-Functional”) Logic deals with propositions – whole statements; meaningful declarative sentences S is a simple proposition =df. S does not contain any other proposition as a component Grover is dead. S is a compound proposition =df. S contains at least one simple proposition as a component Grover is dead and Stevenson is dead. It is not the case that Grover is beautiful. ? The woman who married Grover is beautiful. Propositional Forms, Variables, Constants, and Substitution Instances a propositional form is a pattern for a whole class of propositions (p q) v ~p ~ ) p q ) a propositional variable is a lowercase letter (e.g., ‘p’, ‘