Theories of Intelligence智力理论.pptVIP

Theories of Intelligence What is Intelligence? How would you know that someone is intelligent? List the characteristics or behaviours that you associate with intelligence. Some Classic Definitions Spearman (1904) A general ability which involves mainly the eduction of relations and correlates Binet Simon (1905) The ability to judge well, to understand well, to reason well Terman (1916) The capacity to form concepts and grasp their significance Thurstone (1921) The capacity to inhibit instinctive adjustments, flexibly imagine different responses, and realize modified instinctive adjustments into overt behaviour Definitions (continued) Wechsler (1939) the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment Sternberg (1985) the mental capacity to automatize information processing and to emit contextually appropriate behaviour in response to novelty; intelligence also includes metacomponents, performance components, and knowledge-acquisition components Gardner (1986) the ability or skill to solve problems or to fashion products which are valued within one or more cultural settings Cultural Differences in Views of Intelligence China (Yang Sternberg, 1997) Emphasis on benevolence doing what is right Importance of humility, freedom from conventional standards of judgment, knowledge of oneself Africa (Ruzgis Grigorenko, 1994) Conceptions of intelligence revolve largely around skill that help to facilitate and maintain harmonious stable intergroup relations E.g., in Zimbabwe, the word for intelligence, ngware, actually means to be prudent cautious, particularly in social relationships Lay vs. Expert Conceptions of Intelligence Sternberg et al. (1981) Contacted people In a train station Entering a supermarket Studying in a university library Asked them to list behaviours characteristic of an intelligent person then took this list and had both lay-persons psychologists rate the importanc