Philosophy of the 17th, 18th, and 19th Centuries在第十七，第十八和第十九世纪的哲学，.pptVIP

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Philosophy of the 17th, 18th, and 19th Centuries在第十七，第十八和第十九世纪的哲学，.ppt

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Philosophy of the 17th, 18th, and 19th Centuries在第十七，第十八和第十九世纪的哲学，

Philosophy of the 17th, 18th, and 19th Centuries Part I Late 17th and Early 18th Centuries The Age of Enlightenment A gradual process of detachment of philosophy from theology takes place during this period. While philosophers still talked about, and even offered arguments for, the existence of a deity, this was done in the service of philosophical argument and thought. The 18th century was an age of optimism, tempered by the realistic recognition of the sad state of the human condition and the need for major reforms. The Enlightenment was less a set of ideas than it was a set of attitudes. At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals. Rationalist Philosophers The notion of God occupies a less central place in the thinking of rationalist philosophers than in the minds of Medieval philosophers. United by a belief in the rationality of the universe: the universe works in a logical way and makes sense, and the power of reason can understand it. Mathematics as a model for knowledge. René Descartes (1596-1650) Meditations (1637) Beliefs about the world are changing at the time of Descartes. Beliefs based on Aristotle begin to give way to the new discoveries of science. I am thinking, therefore I am. I cannot think my existence is false, because if I think this, then I am thinking and my existence must be a fact. Innate ideas give us: knowledge of ourselves, knowledge of God, knowledge of mathematics. We can arrive at sure knowledge by reason and need not rely on our senses. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) On the Improvement of the Understanding (1662) Follows Descartes in an attempt to set forth philosophy in a mathematical fashion. Substance defined as a reality which does not require the idea of any other thing in order to be understood. Contends that God or Nature is a being of infinite attributes, or which extension and thought are two. Treats the mental and physical worlds as one and the same. Universal substance consists of