Natural Selection, Scientific Method, and Philosophical Populism自然选择，方法科学，与哲学的民粹主义.docVIP

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Natural Selection, Scientific Method, and Philosophical Populism自然选择，方法科学，与哲学的民粹主义.doc

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Natural Selection, Scientific Method, and Philosophical Populism自然选择，方法科学，与哲学的民粹主义

Alexander M. Klein Professor Sandy Gliboff Final Paper for History of Biology 2/20/03 Natural Selection, Scientific Method, and Philosophical Populism in William James’ Pragmatism 1. Pre-Capitulation James … was quick, impatient and unsystematic, faults that made him such a gifted populariser. William James was an eloquent popularizer, but far too sloppy and unsystematic in his thinking to be counted for his own philosophical ideas, whatever they may have been; or so the contemporary dogma goes among casual acquaintances with the history of American philosophy. In this paper I highlight a special irony involved in this unremitting caricature. One of James’ most original philosophical contributions is commonly thought to be his epistemology—but on pain of what we will call “philosophical hypocrisy,” I argue that this epistemology requires him to practice public philosophy. Thus the irony is that ignoring James on the ground that he is a “mere” popularizer of philosophy, or less severely, just ignoring the fact of his populism, serves to distort the full practical implications of his pragmatic epistemology. I use the phrase “philosophical hypocrisy” to mark a deeper conflict than merely that involved in not practicing what one preaches. For, as I argue in this paper, James’ commitment to public philosophy is conceptually interwoven with his entire epistemology, and not just tied to this or that disposable populist utterance. In order to spell out the connection between James’ developed epistemology and his philosophical rhetoric it turns out to be essential to understand not only the history of his philosophical views, but also his early training and career as a scientist as well. This is because crucial features of James’ epistemology are founded on the metaphor of natural selection, and James’ reasons were not straightforwardly philosophical for endorsing an explicitly Darwinian theory of evolution at a time when there were viab