Unit 6 Thought, Intelligence, and Testing6单元的思想，智慧，与测试.docVIP

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Unit 6 Thought, Intelligence, and Testing6单元的思想，智慧，与测试.doc

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Unit 6 Thought, Intelligence, and Testing6单元的思想，智慧，与测试

Thought, Intelligence, and Testing Language: consists of symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages. Language systems include a number of critical properties: Language is symbolic Language is semantic, or meaningful Language is generative Language is structured 3 months old: distinguish basic speech sounds from all the world’s languages (lost by age 1) 1st 6 months: crying, cooing, and laughing. 6 months: babbling ( sounds that correspond to basic speech sounds, consonant-vowel combinations. 10-13 months: begin to utter words, initially resemble babbling. 18 months: can say between 3 and 50 words, with an even bigger receptive vocabulary Early words refer to objects and familiar actions 18-24 months: vocabulary spurt begins grade 1: vocabulary of about 10,000 words 5th grade: 40,000 words fast mapping: children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure. mistakes overextensions: incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to underextensions: narrowly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions that it is meant to Combining Words: near the end of their 2nd year kids being combining words into simple sentences. telegraphic speech: consists of content words, omitting articles, prepositions, and other less critical words. mean length of utterance (MLU): the average length of youngsters’ statements by the end of year 3 most kids can use plural, past tense and other more complex aspects of language. overregularizations: when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply Refining Language Skills: continue to refine their skills in school-age years metalinguistic awareness: the ability to reflect on the use of language. 3 theories on language acquisition 1. Behaviorist theories. Skinner: kids learn language through imitation, reinforcement, and other established