Gene Regulation and Development：基因调控和发育.ppt

Gene Regulation and Development Making of the Complex Living things In the development of multicell organisms, a single-cell zygote gives rise to many different cell types. Each type has different structure, under taking different chemical and biologic reactions and performs corresponding functions. All these events are controlled by sets of genes in the cell and influenced by surrounding stimuli. Body system of multicell organisms Cells of similar types are organized into tissues Tissues with associated function into organs Organs of associated function into organ systems Organ systems coordinately to support the whole organism Process of embryonic development must give rise not only to the cells of different types but also to higher-level structures and coordinated functions. How life begin… An organism arises from a fertilized egg as the result of three interrelated processes: cell division, cell differentiation, and cell morphogenesis. During development, cells becomes polarized, starts divide unevenly, reprograms gene expression and become specialized in structure and function, a process called differentiation. The processes of morphogenesis is forming of shapes, give cells, tissues and organs their proper shape to fit their corresponding functions. All these processes are part of development. Determination The earliest changes that set a cell to a specialized stage without turning back at molecular level. Can only be “seen” by experiment Cells occupy a specific location in the embryo They are not “naturally” totipotent any more Molecular changes that drives the process in the embryo is termed determination, the beginning of differentiation. During embryonic development, cells become obviously different in structure and function as they differentiate. Differentiated Cells These cells produce the proteins that allow them to carry out their specialized roles in the organism. For example, only lens cells devote 80% of their capacity for protein synthesis to ma