井长勤-第十章-细胞核(二).pptVIP

Medical Cell biology Chapter 10 Nuclei and Chromosomes 细胞核和染色体-2 Medical Cell Biology Jing Changqin(井长勤) associate professor E-mail：jingchangqin@126.com * 2.2.2 Two classes of heterochromatin Constitutive Heterochromatin: Compacted state at all time: Centromere Facultative Heterochromatin:Inactivated at certain phase of life X chromosome inactivation (barr body) * 2.3 Component of chromatin D N A protein RNA histone：H1、H2A、H2B、H3、H4 nonhistone * 2.3.1 DNA of chromatin Genetic material in most cells 46 DNA molecules in a human cell, Each DNA molecule forms a linear chromosome 3×109bp / genome The complexity of eukaryotic genomes Genome size generally increases with an organism’s complexity. Nocoding sequence and repeating sequence * Nonrepeated DNA Protein-coding sequences ~25-50% of the protein-coding genes are solitary genes. Others belong to gene family, which encode proteins with similar but nonidentical amino acid sequences. ?-like globin gene family: Contains 5 functional genes * Moderately repeated DNA Tandemly repeated genes encode rRNAs, tRNAs, and Histones 5S rRNA and pre-rRNA genes: More than 100 copy/Genome. These genes are needed to meet the great cellular demand for their transcripts * Highly repeated DNA Simple-sequence, Noncoding DNA Satellite DNA: Centromeres, Telomeres (105~107bp) Microsatellite DNA:102~105bp at each site Minisatellite DNA:10~100bp at each site * Histone Five classes: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 High quantity histone: DNA?1:1 The most abundant proteins associated with eukaryotic DNA 2.3.2 Protein of chromatin * Rich in positively charged basic amino acids, which interact with the negtively charged phosphate groups in DNA The amino acid sequences of histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4 are remarkably similar among distantly species 2.3.2 Protein of chromatin * Nonhistone Include a large number of widely diverse structural enzymatic, and regulatory proteins Most of which have to be characterized 2.3.2 Protein of chromat