第七部分 卡方检验.pptxVIP

Types of DataThere are basically two types of random variables and they yield two types of data: numerical and categorical. Basically categorical variable yield data in the categories and numerical variables yield data in numerical form. Responses to such questions as What is your major? or Do you own a car? are categorical because they yield data such as biology or no. In contrast, responses to such questions as How tall are you? or What is your score? are numerical. Numerical data can be either discrete or continuous. ?The table below may help you see the differences between these two variables.Notice that discrete data arise from a counting process, while continuous data arise from a measuring process.Data Type?Question TypePossible Responses?Categorical?What is your sex?male or female?NumericalDiscrete- How many cars do you own?two or three?NumericalContinuous – How tall are you??72 inchesWhat is Chi square test?A chi square (X2) statistic is used to investigate whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another.The Chi Square statistic compares the tallies or counts of categorical responses between two (or more) independent groups. (note: Chi square tests can only be used on actual numbers and not on percentages, proportions, means, etc.) χ2 test有几种不同的用法，在此我们只讨论两种，一种是所谓的「独立性考验」(the test for independence)，另一为「适合度考验」(the test of goodness of fit)。 A Chi-square goodness-of-fit test is used to test whether a frequency distribution fits an expected distribution. A Chi-square independence test is used to test the independence of two variables. Using a chi-square test, you can determine whether the occurrence of one variable affects the probability of the occurrence of the other variable. goodness-of-fit test某市初中联考拟定三门课程，对各门课程的达标人数统计如下表，请问三门课程难度是否一致？课程语文数学英语达标人数1019488原假设：难度一致 → 语文：数学：英语=：1：1课程达标1121若按照个体输入，则需要输入所有人数课程”变量可以省略达标人数课程 101语文94数学88英语若直接输入总数，则需要加权DataData / Weight CasesWeight Cases达标人数OKDo not weight casesWeight Cases byFrequen