清代道咸同光时期的灾荒与救助——以山西省为例-famine and relief during daoxian and guangtong periods in qing dynasty - taking shanxi province as an example.docx

II II 摘 要 灾荒问题是过去、现在乃至将来都不容忽视的一个社会问题，只有对其深入 研究，才能更好地防治和控制它。历史给我们提供了丰富的史料，对这些史料进 行总结分析，找出规律性的东西，总结经验教训，以史为鉴才能更好地防患于未 然，为现在的经济建设、社会进步服务。 清代道咸同光时期的山西省各种自然灾害发生频仍，其中水灾、旱灾、雹灾、 霜冻、地震等灾害对山西省的影响尤为严重。在区域分布上，山西省中部、南部 地区的灾害发生比较多，从而也就使得这一地区受灾害影响的程度比其它地区严 重。这一时期山西省灾害频繁的原因不单单是由于其受气候变迁和地理环境的影 响，同时赋役的繁重、罂粟的广泛种植、战乱及生态环境的破坏等社会因素也对 灾荒的发生起了推波助澜的作用。 频繁发生的灾荒对当时的山西社会造成了极为消极的影响，灾荒不仅使得大 量人口流移、死亡，同时也对当时的社会财富、社会治安造成了极大地破坏，严 重影响了人民正常的生产生活。面对肆虐的灾荒，政府和民间社会的各种力量都 采取了一系列措施对灾区进行救助。而在清代道咸同光时期，这个清王朝国势渐 衰，中国由传统社会向近代社会转型的时期所进行的灾荒救助，又呈现出了一定 得特征：政府在灾荒救助中依然居于主导地位，但由于其财政的匮乏和对地方控 制力的减弱，已呈现出衰颓化的趋势，与此同时民间社会力量则日益勃兴，在灾 荒救助过程中发挥着积极的作用，尤其是独具特色的民间义赈的兴起和外国传教 士的赈灾活动都对当时及以后的社会救助事业都产生了深远的影响。 关键词：清代 山西 灾荒 救助 III III Abstract Disaster is a social problem that should not be ignored in the past, at present and even in the future. Only to research it deeply, can we control and even prevent it much better. The history has offered us rich historical materials. By summarizing and analyzing these materials, we can find out the regularity it has, then learn from these experiences and take preventive measures in order to serve on today’s economic development and social progress. Different nature disasters happened frequently in Shanxi Province during Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi and Guangxu period in Qing Dynasty, and the destroy caused by flood, drought, hail, frost and earthquake was more serious than other disasters. From the map distribution, we can see that the center and the south area of Shanxi Province had more disasters, which resulted in more serious influence than other areas. The reason why Shanxi province suffered so many disasters was not only the effect of climatic change and influence of geographic environment but also other social factors such as arduous taxes, broad areas of opium growing, chaos raised by war and damage of ecological environment, all of which added fuel to the flame of disasters. The society of Shanxi was seriously affected by the frequently happened disasters at that time, which resulted in seri