伴生栽培对设施黄瓜根际土壤养分影响.docVIP

伴生栽培对设施黄瓜根际土壤养分的影响 　　摘 要：本试验以黄瓜为供试作物，设置甘蓝、菜花、大蒜、大葱四种伴生栽培模式，研究不同伴生条件下黄瓜根际土壤养分的变化规律。速效氮的测定结果显示伴生菜花、甘蓝、大葱、大蒜与黄瓜之间或多或少都存在硝态氮的竞争现象，菜花能够促进氮素向铵态氮转化，而大葱作伴生蔬菜能有效吸收土壤中多余铵态氮；从速效磷的测定结果看甘蓝和菜花与黄瓜伴生能够促进土壤固定的磷元素释放，而大葱和大蒜作伴生蔬菜能够加快土壤中的速效磷吸收利用；速效钾的测定结果表明伴生甘蓝能促进土壤胶体吸附的钾离子释放，显著提高土壤速效钾含量，大蒜则利于解除高钾危害。因此无论是甘蓝、菜花还是大葱、大蒜都能有效降低土壤的盐离子浓度，防止或降低土壤盐害，从各方面综合考量以大葱和大蒜伴生黄瓜为最佳。 　　关键词：伴生栽培；设施黄瓜；土壤养分，土壤盐分 　　中图分类号：S642.204+.7文献标识号：A文章编号：1001-4942（2016）05-0075-06 　　Abstract Using greenhouse cucumber as research object， four different companion planting models， cabbage， cauliflower， garlic and green Chinese onion， were designed to investigate the changes of rhizosphere soil nutrients of cucumber. The results showed that cauliflower， cabbage， green Chinese onion and garlic all had competition with cucumber on nitrate nitrogen. The cauliflower could promote the transformation of nitrogen to ammonium nitrogen， while green Chinese onion could effectively absorb redundant ammonium nitrogen in the soil. The cabbage and cauliflower could release the phosphorus from fixed by soil， while green Chinese onion and garlic could speed up the uptake of available phosphorus in the soil. The cabbage could significantly increase the content of soil available potassium through releasing the potassium ion adsorbed by soil colloid， while garlic was conducive to eliminate the threat of high potassium. Thus， cabbage， cauliflower， garlic and green Chinese onion all could effectively reduce the soil salt concentration and prevent soil salinity. Comprehensively considering， the garlic and green Chinese onion performed the best. 　　Key words Companion planting； Greenhouse cucumber； Soil nutrient； Soil salt 　　黄瓜是设施栽培的主要蔬菜之一，随着集约化连年种植，追求高额产出的高投入行为，已经严重危害了设施土壤环境和蔬菜产品的安全，在这种封闭、高肥、高水、高农药的生产环境下，同一作物长期连续种植，片面消耗土壤养分，导致耕层结构恶化，养分失调，病虫害加剧，产量和品质下降，收益减少。因此如何平衡设施内土壤环境、减少土壤盐害的发生、降低土传病害的危害成为摆在研究者面前的主要任务之一。 　　韩哲[1]研究指出，黄瓜伴生小麦栽培能提高黄瓜产量，使单株产量增加了6.41%。高春琦等[2]指出在植株长势上，黄瓜伴生小麦处理优于黄瓜单作。夏秀波等[3]采用大葱伴生栽培黄瓜的模式研究表明，大葱伴生栽培处理能有效抑制土壤中真菌、放线菌和细菌数量的增加，从而降低土传病害的