重建生态和谐——生态批评视角下的西尔科《仪式》-rebuilding ecological harmony —— silkkos ceremony from the perspective of ecological criticism.docxVIP

Des Descriptive Chinese Abstract i i 摘 要 莱斯利·马蒙·西尔科(Leslie Marmon Silko)是在美国印第安文艺复兴中脱颖而出 的一位女作家，曾多次荣获美国权威性文学奖项。其代表作《仪式》自从 1977 年出版 后就凭借其丰富的文化底蕴和精妙的叙事技巧而备受关注。批评家们运用不同理论从不 同视角对这部小说进行了广泛的研究，然而对作品的深刻生态主题少有提及。本文在前 人研究的基础上，运用生态批评理论对小说主人公塔尤(Tayo)身份缺失的根源及自我寻 找之旅进行剖析，从而揭示印第安人和谐的生态思想。 经历过二战的塔尤在白人医院无法医治自己的病痛后回到拉古纳(Laguna)部落。和 许多夹缝中求生存的少数族裔一样，他遭受的不是身体上的伤病而是失去自我的痛苦， 因此不断徘徊在噩梦与过去的记忆中。母亲的遗弃及白人主流社会的歧视让塔尤失去归 属感；白人对动物肆意毁灭与印第安人视万物为兄弟的两种完全不同的态度使塔尤陷入 矛盾；白人视土地为财产的疯狂掠夺令塔尤感到无奈；因诅咒自然而引来的常年干旱使 塔尤无比自责。人与人、人与动物、人与土地及人与自然之间的种种不和谐导致了塔尤 失去自我的痛苦。在两位药师(medicine man)的帮助下，经过一系列印第安人所特有的 仪式，塔尤认识到印第安世界与白人世界的种种差异，重新找到人与人之间的和谐；对 动物由毁灭到尊重；与大地由分离到融合；对自然由诅咒到敬畏,从而最终找回自我。 因此，与其说塔尤回归家园，不如说他回归自然，在重新建立人与人、人与动物、 人与土地及人与自然之间的和谐中找到自我。塔尤的这一回归路向我们展示了印第安人 崇敬自然，并与自然万物共存互生，相通相融，和谐共处的自然观。 关键词：西尔科；《仪式》；生态批评；印第安人；自然；和谐 English English Abstract ii ii Abstract Leslie Marmon Silko is an outstanding Native American woman writer. The New York Times Book Review proclaimed her as the most accomplished Native American writer of her generation. Her novel Ceremony aroused many critics’ attention because of its deep Native American culture and excellent narrative techniques. There appeared a variety of essays from different theoretical and critical approaches, including formalist, historical, cultural, semiotic, ecofeminist, and ethical, to name some of them. Yet up to now, few critical studies have been devoted to discovering the relationship between Native Americans and nature. However, this issue is one of the most important themes of this novel. This thesis will explore Native Americans’ attitude towards nature by analyzing the protagonist, Tayo’s process of recovering himself from ecocritical perspective. After surviving horrifying experiences in World War Ⅱ, and after an extended stay in a Veteran’s Administration mental ward, Tayo, a young half-breed, returns to the Laguna Pueblo in New Mexico. Alienated from his culture and family as well as the white world, Tayo is troubled by paralysis of memory, nightmares and fragm