分生名解.doc

分子生物学名词解释 第二章? 核酸的结构与功能 1. DNA的变性与复性(denaturation and renaturation of DNA): 双链DNA(dsDNA)在变性因素(如过酸、过碱、加热、尿素等)影响下,解链成单链DNA(ssDNA)的过程称之为DNA变性。DNA变性后，生物活性丧失，但一级结构没有改变，所以在一定条件下仍可恢复双螺旋结构。热变性的DNA经缓慢冷却后，两条互补链可重新恢复天然的双螺旋构象，这一现象称为复性，也称退火。DNA denaturation means that a DNA has lost its’ native conformation and double strand DNA is separated to single strand DNA by exposed to a destabilizing factor such as heat, acid, alkali,urea or amide. (when high temperature is used to denature DNA, the DNA is said to be melted).DNA renaturation :Removing the denaturation factors or in proper condition the denatured DNA (ssDNA) restore native structure (dsDNA) and function. The process of? renaturation? of heat denatured DNA by slowly cooling is called annealing.2．核酸分子杂交(hybridization of nucleic acids)：在DNA变性后的复性过程中，将不同来源的DNA单链分子或RNA分子放在同一溶液中，只要在DNA或RNA的单链分子之间存在着一定程度的碱基配对关系，就可以在不同的分子间形成杂化双链，这种现象称为核酸分子杂交。Hybridization:when heterogeneous DNA or RNA? are put together, they will become to heteroduplex via the base-pairing rules during renaturation if they are complementary in parts (not complete).? This is called molecular hybridization.3．增色效应与减色效应(hyperchromic effect and hypochromic effect): DNA变性时，双螺旋松解，碱基暴露，OD260值增高称之为增色效应；除去变性因素后，单链DNA依碱基配对规律恢复双螺旋结构，OD260值减小称为减色效应。Hyperchromic effect : The absorbance at 260 nm of a DNA solution increases when the double helix is melted into single strands at DNA denaturation.Hypochromic effect: The absorbance at 260 nm of a DNA solution decreses when the single strands return into double helix at DNA renaturation.4．Tm：DNA的变性从开始解链到完全解链，是在一个相当窄的温度范围内完成的。在这一范围内，紫外光吸收值达到最大值的50%时的温度称为DNA的解链温度。Tm is melting temperature at which half (50%) of DNA molecules are denatured 第八章? 核苷酸代谢 第十章? DNA的生物合成（复制） 1. 中心法则（the central dogma）：DNA的遗传信息转录为RNA，RNA通过翻译指导合成蛋白质。DNA还通过复制将遗传信息代代相传。1970年发现RNA能逆转录为DNA，是对中心法则的补充。2. 基因和基因表达(gene and gene expression)：基因是为生物活性产物编码的DNA功能片段，这些产物主要是蛋白质或各种RNA。通过转录和翻译，将DNA分子上A，T，C，G四种符号所包含的序列信息，转变为蛋白质分子上20种氨基酸的序列信息的过程称为基因表达。Gene : In mole