曾国藩与中国科技近代化-专门史专业论文.docxVIP

I I 摘 要 我国的近代化进程，首先是从科技开始的，并由此扩大到思想、文化等领域。 以近 代科技的发展为切入点，来研究曾国藩这位洋务运动的最早发起人及其他的影响，对了 解我国的早期近代化过程乃至目前的现代化建设都有着至关重要的作用。 曾国藩进行近代科技的最初尝试，有其深刻的社会背景和历史原因。国际上近代科 技的飞速发展促进了资本主义的突飞猛进，资本主义国家因发展的需要大肆向外殖民扩 张，中国因此被近代科技武装起来的先进武器轰开了久封的国门。而国内各处农民战争 风起云涌，太平天国更是建立了与清政府对峙长达十几年的农民政权。这些战争的因素， 使得近代科技在我国的发展成为历史的必然。曾国藩在这种历史大背景中思想发生了深 刻变化，逐渐从一名传统的封建官僚成为洋务运动的先驱，由此推动了近代科技在中国 发展的艰难历程。 从最初创办安庆内军械所、江南制造局等中国第一批近代军事工业，任用、提拔大 批近代科技人才，到创立江南制造局翻译馆、奏请派遣中国的第一批留美学生，曾国藩 于近代科技的尝试，也经历了一个由浅至深的过程。但这个过程一开始就因为其背景的 特殊性而备显艰难，也使曾国藩成为近代史上争议较大的人物。尽管有着阶级和时代带 给他的不可避免的局限性，曾国藩的这些最初尝试仍然对中国近代科技的发展起到了不 容小觑的积极作用，使步履艰难的中国近代科技伴随政治运动走向历史舞台，并由此带 来了变革社会的巨大力量。其间的经验和教训，也给了我国目前的改革开放政策和现代 化建设许多的借鉴和启示，有着深刻的历史意义和现实意义。 关键词：曾国藩；中国科技；近代化 II II Abstract In the process of modernization in China, first it was started in the field of science and technology. Herefrom, the modernization was expanded to the areas of ideology and culture. In order to study Zeng Guofan, who was the earliest initiator of westernization movement, we focus on the development of neoteric science and technology, which will play an important role in understanding early process of modernization, or even current process of modernization. There were profound social background and historical reasons in China, when Zeng Guofan carried through the forepart attempt on modern science and technology. Internationally, rapid development of modern science and technology promoted capitalism progressing by leaps and bounds. Development of capitalist countries wanted to outspread without restraint by colonization. Therefore, China’s entrance, which was sealed for a long time, was driven out by capitalist countries armed with advanced weapon, which developed from modern science and technology. In the other hand, inside China, domestic peasant warfare was blustery here and there. Taiping Kingdom established peasantry regime and had confronted each other with Qing dynasty government for more than ten years. These war factors caused it into history necessity to develop modern s