声学基础课件许肖梅fundamentalsofacoustics07-3.ppt

1-2 Damped Oscillations Whenever a real body is set into oscillation, dissipative (frictional) forces arise.These forces are of many types, depending on the particular oscillating system. But they will always result in a damping of the oscillations -- a decrease in the amplitude of the free oscillations with time. Let us first consider the effect of a viscous frictional force on a simple oscillator Such a force is assumed to be proportional to the speed of the mass and to be directed so as to oppose the motion. It can be expressed as It is evident that mechanical resistance has the units of nweton-second per meter (N.s/m) If the effect of resistance is included ,the equation of motion of an oscillator becomes This equation may be solved by the complex exponential method.Assume a solution of the form We can obtain: Defining a new constant Ω by Now μ is given by The complete solution is the sum of the two solutions obtained above, One convenient form of this general solution is One measure of the rapidity with which the oscillations are damped by friction is the time required for the amplitude to decrease to 1/e of its initial value.This time is called decay modulus and is given by Energy of Vibration: 1.3 Forced Oscillations 1 . A simple oscillator, when driven by an externally applied force F, the differential equation for the motion becomes: The dimensions of mechanical impedance are the same as those of mechanical resistance and are expressed in the same units, N.s/m, often defined as mechanical ohms. It is to be emphasized that, although the mechanical ohm is analogous to the electrical ohm, these two quantities do not have the same units. The electrical ohm has the dimensions of voltage divided by current; The mechanical ohm has the dimensions of force divided by speed. Energy of Vibration: Problem – Simple Harmonic Motions 1-3 a simple harmonic motion is given as x(t)=10sin(10t-30o), where x is measured in meters , t in seconds , an