声学基础课件许肖梅fundamentalsofacoustics07-6.ppt

Vibrations of Extended Systems In the previous chapter it was assumed that the mass moves as a rigid body so that it could be considered concentrated at a single point. However, most vibrating bodies are not so simple. A loudspeaker has its mass distributed over its surface so that the cone does move as a unit . A flexible string under tension provides the easiest example for visualizing how waves work and developing physical concepts and techniques for their study. The vibrating string is interesting both for its own sake (as a source of sound on a guitar or violin) and as a model for the motion of other systems. We study free motion of a string. The procedures we use will apply in our later study of other kinds of waves. Transverse Waves on a String Let us consider a long, uniform string whose total mass is m , and length is L. What is important for the local behavior of each part is the linear mass density: It is observed that the speed of propagation of all small displacements is independent of the shape and amplitude of the initial displacement and depends only on the mass per unit length of the string and its tension Experiment and theory show that this seed is given by The Equation of Motion Assume a string of uniform linear density pl and negligible stiffness, stretched to a tension T great enough that the effects of gravity can be neglected. Also assume that there are no dissipative forces (such as those associated with friction or with the radiation of acoustic energy) Fig. A isolates an infinitesimal element of the string with equilibrium position x and equilibrium length dx. When the string is at rest, the tensions at x and at x+dx are precisely equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, making zero total force. We can prove that any function of argument (ct-x) is a solution of the wave equation (2-1). Similarly, it can be shown that f2(ct+x) is also a solution. The sum of these two functions is the complete general solution of the equa