声学基础课件许肖梅fundamentalsofacoustics07-11.ppt

* Reflection, Refraction and Transmission of Plane Waves When sound waves are traveling through a medium, they may be reflected or refracted, diffracted or scattered, interfered or absorbed. The transmission of sound involves the transfer of acoustic energy through the medium in which sound waves travel. We can define plane acoustic waves as one-dimensional free progressive waves traveling in the x direction. They are described by the one-dimensional wave equation The general solution for the one-dimensional wave equation can be written in progressive waves form Which consists of two parts: the first part represents a wave of arbitrary shape traveling in the x direction with velocity co ,and the second part represents a wave also of arbitrary shape traveling in the negative x direction with velocity c0 . In complex exponential form, the general solution can be written as Change in Media When an acoustic wave traveling in one medium encounters the boundary of a second medium, reflected and transmitted (or refracted ) waves are generated. Discussion of this phenomenon is greatly simplified if it is assumed that both the incident wave and the boundary between the media are planar and that all media are fluid Transmission From One Fluid to Another: Normal Incidence As suggested in Fig. let the plane x=0 be the boundary between fluid I of characteristic acoustic impedance Z1 and fluid II of characteristic acoustic impedance Z2. Let there be an incident wave traveling in the positive x direction Which ,when striking the boundary , generates a reflected wave : and a transmitted wave : Note: The transmitted wave has the same frequency as the incident wave but, because of the different phase speeds c1 and c2, the wave numbers k1 in fluid I and k2 in fluid II are different. In first medium, sound pressure is : In second medium, sound pressure is : They are described by the wave equation : And there are two boundary conditions that must be satisfied for all times at all p