声学基础课件许肖梅fundamentalsofacoustics07-9.ppt

* The Energy Relationships in Sound Field The energy transported by acoustic waves through a fluid medium is of two forms: The kinetic energy of the moving particles ; The potential energy of the compressed fluid. Consider a small fluid element that moves with the fluid and occupies volume V0 of the undisturbed fluid. 3.4.1 Sound Energy Density The change in potential energy associated with a volume change from V0 to V is Where the mass of the element, is calculated using the density and volume of the undisturbed fluid. The kinetic energy of this element is: Where the negative sign indicates that the potential energy will increase as work is done on the element when its volume is decreased by action of a positive acoustic pressure p. From conservation of mass we have (the equation of state) So we obtain: The total acoustic energy of the volume element is: The instantaneous particle speed and acoustic pressure are functions of both position and time, and consequently the instantaneous energy density is not constant throughout the fluid. The instantaneous energy density is defined as the energy per unit volume, in Joules per Cubic meter (J/m3). Sound energy : Sound energy flux density: 3.4.2 Sound Energy Flux Density Sound energy transmitted through a unit area and a unit time normal to the direction of sound transmission. The acoustic intensity of a sound wave is defined as the average rate of flow of energy through a unit area normal to the direction of propagation. Its fundamental units are watts per square meter (W/m2). The sound intensity is the time average of sound energy flux density 3.4.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Power It can be written in another form Where the integration is taken over a time corresponding to the period of one complete cycle. For harmonic waves this yields: Total sound power emitted by a source in all directions, measured in watts (joules/second) Sound Power The amount of power produced by sound generator is very sma