微机原理ch01 INTRODUCTIO TO COMPUTER.docVIP

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NUMBERING AND CODING SYSTEMS Decimal and binary number systems Whereas human beings use 10 (decimal) arithmetic, computers use the base 2 (binary) system. The binary system is used in computers because 1 and 0 represent the two voltage levels of on and off. In base 10 there are 10 distinct symbols, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. In base 2 there are only two, 0 and 1, with which to generate numbers. These two binary digits, 0 and 1, are commonly referred to as bits. Converting from decimal to binary One method of converting from decimal to binary is divide the decimal number by 2 repeatedly, keeping track of the remainders. This process continues until the quotient becomes to zero. The remainders are then written in reverse order to obtain the binary number. Example: Convert 2510 to binary Solution: Quotient(商) Remainder(余数) 25/2 = 12 1 LSB (least significant bit) 12/2 = 6 0 6/2 = 3 0 3/2 = 1 1 1/2 = 0 1 MSB (most significant bit) Therefore, 2510 = 110012 Converting from binary to decimal To convert from binary to decimal, it is important to understand the concept of weight associated with each digit position. First, as analogy, recall the weight of numbers in base 10 system.= 3x100 = ?????3 8x101 = ????80 6x102 = ???600 0x103 = ??0000 4x104 = ?40000 7x105 = 700000 ------ 740683 By the some token, each digit position in a number in base 2 has a weight associated with it: 1101012 = Decimal Binary 1x20 = 1x1 = ?1 ?????1 0x21 = 0x2 = ?0 ????00 1x22 = 1x4 = ?4 ???100 0x23 = 0x8 = ?0 ??0000 1x24 = 1x16 = 16 ?10000 1x25 = 1x32 = 32 100000 -- ------ 53 110101 Knowing the weight of each bit in a binary number makes it simple to add them together to get its decimal equivalent. 20 = 1 28 = 256 21 = 2 29 = 512 22 = 4 210 = 1024 1K 23 = 8 211 = 2048 24 = 16 212 = 4096 25 = 32 213 = 8192 26 = 64 214 = 16384 27 = 128 215 = 32768 21