刘亚平专业英语administrative刘亚平专业英语第八周.pptxVIP

The administrative history of our governmental machinery can be constructed as a succession of shifts of this kind, each brought about by a change in emphasis among three values: representativeness, political neutral competence, and executive leadership.None of these values was never totally neglected in any of our past modifications of governmental design, but each enjoyed greater emphasis than the others in different 牛牛文库文档分享Recent years have witnessed an upsurge of a sense of alienation on the part of many people, to a feeling that they as individuals can not effectively register their own preferences on the decisions emanating from the organs of government.New modes of representation to keep pace with new economic, social and political developmentBurgeoning of large-scale organizations in every era of 牛牛文库文档分享Current DissatisfactionAmerica is not wanting in arrangements for representation.Why is there dissatisfaction with these arrangements? 牛牛文库文档分享Fundamentally because substantial (though minority) segments of the population apparently believe the political, economic, and social systems have not delivered to them fair shares of the system’s benefits and rewards and because they think they cannot win their appropriate shares in those benefits and rewards through the political institutions around the country as these are now 牛牛文库文档分享Three characteristics of the system contribute heavily to this impression on the part of the deprived:Existing representative organs are capable of giving only quite general mandates to administrative agencies, yet it is in the day-to-day decisions and actions of officials and employees in the lower levels that individual citizens perceive the policies.The pluralistic nature of the political system provides abundant opportunities for vetoes by opponents of change.The scale of organization in our society has grown so large that only through large-scale organization does it seem possible to have a significant 牛牛文库文档分享Just as the ad