欧洲文化入门.ppt

European Culture -- An Introduction Division One : Greek and Roman Culture 1．希腊罗马Homer Iliad Odyssey Author of epicsSappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Prometheus bound Persians Agamemnon Tragic dramatistSophocles Oedipus the King Electra Antigone Tragic dramatistEuripides Medea Trojan Women Andromache Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes FrogsCloudsWaspsBirds??Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus??wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians??Father of historyThucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracusethe greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematicsHeracleitue Fire is the primary elementDemocritus Materialist, one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theorySocrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical methodPlato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas  DialoguesAristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made concrete individual realities EthicsPolitics Poetics and RhetoricEuclid Elements a textbook of geometryArchimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I’ll move the World”Others Diogenes (the Cynics) Pyrrhon(the Sceptics) Epicurus (the Epicureans) Zeno (the Stoics)4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander, king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克 d. Contending Schools of Thoughts Sophists, who were teachers of the art of arguing. The most eminent of them was Protagoras, born about 500 B.C., who wrote a book On the Gods. He is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “ man is the measure of all the things.” In the 4th century B.C., four schools of philosoph- ers often argued with each other. They were the Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans and the Stoics. The Cynics, leader named Diogenes, he rejected all the conventions, and advocated self-sufficiency e. Scie