经济学的思维方式 CH04 Opportunity Costs and the Supply of Goods.ppt

“The Economic Way of Thinking”12th Edition Chapter Outline Introduction Refresher on Opportunity Costs Costs are Tied to Actions, Not Things The Irrelevance of “Sunk Costs” Producers’ Costs as Opportunity Costs Marginal Opportunity Costs Costs and Supply Chapter Outline The Supply Curve Supply Itself Can Change Marginal and Average Costs The Cost of a Volunteer Military Force（志愿兵） Price Elasticity of Supply Cost as Justification Introduction 经济学的供给理论和需求理论从本质上来说没有什么区别。 The theory of supply, like demand theory, assumes that decision makers face alternatives and choices. Choices based on comparing expected benefits and costs 本章讨论的是，机会成本和市场价格如何激励厂商生产并供给稀缺品，市场价格如何反映机会成本并把信息传达给大家。 Refresher on Opportunity Cost Question Why do poor people travel between cities by bus, while wealthy people are more likely to travel by air? Answer The higher one’s income, the higher the opportunity cost of time. Refresher on Opportunity Cost Question Why is it so much harder to find a teenage babysitter（年轻小保姆） in a wealthy residential area than in a low-income area? Answer Wealthier people go out more so they demand more babysitting services, while wealthy teenagers get generous allowances, so they value a date or leisure time more than the extra money they could earn babysitting. Refresher on Opportunity Cost 为什么在经济不景气的时候有更多的本科毕业生继续读研究生？ ？ 为什么来自低收入地区的年轻人更愿意参军？ ？ Costs are Tied to Actions, Not Things（事物） Costs are always tied to actions, decisions and choices. 经济学的思维方式不承认客观成本！ “事物”根本没有成本。如果你非要认为事物的确有成本，并且准备用一个例子来证明你的观点，你就差不多肯定是在偷换概念，用一个不被注意的行为替换某个事物，硬给它加上一个成本。 Costs are Tied to Actions, Not Things 例如，一个棒球的成本是什么？你说：10美元。但是，你的意思是说，在当地一家体育用品商店里购买一个大联盟官方指定的棒球的成本是10美元。因为购买是一个行为，所以这个行为需要以其他机会为代价，从而发生了成本。请注意这里引入了行为。棒球的成本因行为的不同而改变。制造一个棒球的成本就不一样。销售一个棒球的成本又不一样。 Costs are Tied to Actions, Not Things 成本总是对某人而言的成本。 The true cost of things stems from a failure to recognize that only actions have cost, and that actions can entail different costs for different people.（关于事物的真实成本有大量无效的辩论，这都是因为辩论者没能认识到只有行为