东北石油大学经济管理学院市场营销学英文课件 Chapter7.ppt

Chapter 7: Oral and Nonverbal Communication Patterns What is meant by nonverbal communication? Cultural Differences in Patterns of Thought or Processes of Reasoning and Problem Solving Deductive reasoning - going from broad categories or observations to specific examples; U.S. persons use deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning - start with facts or observations and go to generalizations; Asians use inductive reasoning. Thought Patterns Include Speed of Making Decisions U. S. managers make quick decisions. The Japanese use a slower method of problem solving. What is meant by paralanguage? What does an increased rate of speech signify? impatience or anger What does an increased volume indicate? perhaps anger or a desire to be heard Differences in loudness of speech is culture specific and gender specific: Arabs speak loudly; this is an indication of strength and sincerity. People of the Philippines and Thailand speak softly; it indicates breeding and education. Males usually speak louder than females and at a lower pitch than females. Rate of speech varies with the region of the U.S.; Northerners speak faster than Southerners. What is metacommunication? Topics Chronemics (time) Proxemics (space) Oculesics (gaze/eye contact) Olfactics (smell) Haptics (touch) Kinesics (body language) Chromatics (color) Silence Time (Chronemics) Attitudes toward time vary from culture to culture. Countries that follow monochronic time perform only 1 major activity at a time (U.S., England, Switzerland, Germany). Countries that follow polychronic time work on several activities simultaneously (Latin America, the Mediterranean, the Arabs). Monochronic/Polychronic Cultures do one thing at a time concentrate on the job take time commitments seriously are committed to the job show respect for private property; rarely borrow or lend are accustomed to short-term relationships do many things at once are highly distractible consider time commitments casually are committed t