运输管理毕业外文文献翻译.docVIP

外文翻译一原文部分 Transportation management Transport cost is influenced by seven factors. The specific factors are distance, volume, density, stow-ability, handling, liability, and market. In general, the above sequence reflects the relative importance of each factor. Distance is a major influence on transportation cost since it directly contributes to variable cost, such as labor, fuel and maintenance. The second factor is load volume. Like many other logistics activities, transportation scale economics exist for most movements. Transportation cost per unit of weight decreases as load volume increases. The third economic factor is product density, which incorporates weight and space considerations. These are important since transportation cost is usually quoted in terms of dollars per unit of weight, such as amount per ton. In terms of weight and space, an individual vehicle is constrained more by space than by weight. Once a vehicle is full in terms of space, it is not possible to increase the amount carried even if the product is light. Since actual vehicle labor and fuel expenses are not dramatically influenced by weight, higher density products allow relatively fixed transport costs to be spread across additional weight. As a result, these products are assessed lower transport costs per unit of weight. The stowability factor refers to product dimensions and how they affect vehicle space utilization. Odd sizes and spaces, as well as excessive weight or length, do not show well and typically waste space. Items with standard rectangular shapes are much easier to show than odd-shaped items. Special handling equipment may be required for loading or unloading trucks, railcars, or ships. Furthermore, the manner in which products are physically grouped together (e.g., taped, boxed, or palletized) for transport and storage also affects handling cost. Finally, market factors, such as lane volume and balance, influence transportation cost. A transport lane refers to movements be