重庆理工大学计算机科学与工程学院计算机网络英文课件 Topic4.pptVIP

Objectives At the end of this topic, you should be able to 4.1 Explain asynchronous and synchronous transmission 4.2 Describe the error control and detection techniques 4.3 Explain Hamming Code 4.4 Explain Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRCs) Topic 4 Digital Data Communication Techniques 4.1 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission Timing problems require a mechanism to synchronize the transmitter and receiver Two solutions Asynchronous Synchronous 4.1 Asynchronous Data transmitted on character at a time 5 to 8 bits Timing only needs maintaining within each character Resynchronize with each character 4.1 Asynchronous (diagram) 4.1 Asynchronous - Behavior In a steady stream, interval between characters is uniform (length of stop element) In idle state, receiver looks for transition 1 to 0 Then samples next seven intervals (char length) Then looks for next 1 to 0 for next char Simple Cheap Overhead of 2 or 3 bits per char (~20%) Good for data with large gaps (keyboard) 4.1 Synchronous - Bit Level Block of data transmitted without start or stop bits Clocks must be synchronized Can use separate clock line Good over short distances Subject to impairments Embed clock signal in data Manchester encoding Carrier frequency (analog) 4.1 Synchronous - Block Level Need to indicate start and end of block Use preamble and postamble e.g. series of SYN (hex 16) characters e.g. block ofpatterns ending in More efficient (lower overhead) than async 4.1 Synchronous (diagram) 4.2 Types of Error An error occurs when a bit is altered between transmission and reception Single bit errors One bit altered Adjacent bits not affected White noise Burst errors Length B Contiguous sequence of B bits in which first last and any number of intermediate bits in error Can be caused by Impulse noise Fading in wireless Effect greater at higher data rates 4.2 Error Control and Detection Error Control Includes error detection and compensatory action Error Detection Adopts the concept o