论惩罚性赔偿在我国侵权法中的适用-民商法学专业论文.docxVIP

摘要惩罚性赔偿是指为惩罚加害人的不法行为，威慑或防止类似行为 摘要 惩罚性赔偿是指为惩罚加害人的不法行为，威慑或防止类似行为 的发生，而判决加害人向受害人支付除补偿性赔偿以外的超过实际损 失的赔偿金。其具有惩罚性、主观可责难性、法定性、依附性的特征。 惩罚性赔偿与补偿性赔偿、精神损害赔偿存在本质区别。由于与私法 的发展趋势相契合，与侵权法的发展相适应，且有助于全面实现侵权 法的功能，因此惩罚性赔偿在侵权法中的适用具有理论基础。英国和 美国侵权案件中广泛适用惩罚性赔偿，在适用条件上有较严格的限 制，在赔偿金额的确定方面也有很多操作性较强的方法值得借鉴。大 陆法系国家和英美法系国家在历史背景、审判制度、私法精神上存在 差异，导致德国和日本在惩罚性赔偿问题上持保守态度，但我国台湾 地区开始在有关侵权的立法中广泛适用惩罚性赔偿制度。我国目前立 法不够完善、侵权形式复杂多样、传统民事责任制度救济不足、以及 法律制度国际化等原因使惩罚性赔偿在我国侵权法中适用势在必行。 从我国历史渊源、法律适用环境以及学者们的研究成果来看，已具备 适用该制度的可行性。在适用条件上，侵权人主观应具有故意或重大 过失；在适用范围上，产品责任侵权、环境侵权、医疗事故侵权、知 识产权侵权、证券侵权、殴打、辱骂等恶意人身侵权均可适用；在赔 偿金额确定上，应以对侵权人的适度威慑和对受害人的适度激励为原 则，综合考虑受害人的实际损失、侵权人行为的可责难性、侵权人承 担责任的几率、侵权人的经济状况等因素。 关键词： 侵权行为，侵权法，惩罚性赔偿 ABSTRACTPunitive ABSTRACT Punitive damages are damages awarded to the plaintiff in addition to compensatory damages，and are intended to punish the defendant for his wrongdoing，as well as to deter the defendant and other latent wrongdoers from conducting the same or similar misconduct in the future．Punitive damages have four characteristics：punitive，subjective liability,statutory and adjunctive natures．It has natural differences between compensative damages and the spiritual damages．Punitive damages reflect the trend of the modem civil law,match the change of the tort law,and fulfill the function of civil liability．It has no conflict against the theory of the civil law．So there are legal principles to apply punitive damages into the tort law of our civil law code．In Great Britain and the United States，punitive damages are widely used in tort law．The mature way of the conditions and scope of imposing punitive damages and calculating the appropriate amount in the Anglo—American law system set a good example for our country．Because of the differences in trial system and the spirit of private laws，Japan and Germany are conservative as to punitive damage，which， however,have been applied to civil law in Taiwan．The condition of applying the system in tort law of our country has been formed．Firstly, there are multiple forms of