原菌尚未查明的严重感染,包括免疫缺陷者的严重感染。 单一抗菌药物不能控制的需氧菌及厌氧菌混合感染,2种或2种以上病原菌感染。 单一抗菌药物不能有效控制的感染性心内膜炎或败血症等重症感染。 需长程治疗,但病原菌易对某些抗菌药物产生耐药性的感染,如结核病、深部真菌病。 联合用药时宜选用具有协同或相加抗菌作用的药物联合 联合用药时应将毒性大的抗菌药物剂量减少 联合用药通常采用2种药物联合,3种及3种以上药物联合仅适用于个别情况,如结核病的治疗。此外必须注意联合用药后药物不良反应将增多。 联合用药指征及注意事项: 1. Etiologic Diagnosis 2. “Best Guess” 3. Laboratory Control 4. Clinical Response 5. Drug Susceptibility Tests 6. Promptness of Response 7. Duration of Antimicrobial Therapy 8. Adverse Reactions and Toxicity 9. Route of Administration 10. Cost of Antibiotics When there appear to be marked discrepancies between susceptibility testing and clinical response, the following possibilities must be considered: (1) Selection of an inappropriate drug, drug dosage, or route of administration. (2) Failure to drain a collection of pus or to remove a foreign body. (3) Failure of a poorly diffusing drug to reach the site of infection (eg, central nervous system) or to reach intracellular phagocytosed bacteria. (4) Superinfection in the course of prolonged chemotherapy. (5) Emergence of drug-resistant organisms. (6) Participation of two or more microorganisms in the infectious process, of which only one was originally detected and used for drug selection. (7) Inadequate host defenses, including immunodeficiencies and diabetes. (8) Noninfectious causes, including drug fever, malignancy, and autoimmune disease. Strategies stopping the increase of antimicrobial resistance R G P Decrease the Antimicrobial resistance Governments intervention Medical staff, Avoid overuse of antibiotics D RD for new antibiotics 细菌耐药性的控制策略 谢 谢 ! THANK YOU SUCCESS * * 可编辑 头孢菌素类 抗G+球菌 抗G-杆菌 酶稳定性 第一代头孢菌素(Ⅰ~Ⅷ) 头孢唑啉(Ⅴ) 第二代头孢菌素 头孢呋辛(西力欣) 第三代头孢菌素 头孢噻肟(凯福隆) 头孢哌酮(先锋必) 头孢三嗪(罗氏芬) 头孢他啶(复达欣) 第四代头孢菌素 头孢吡肟(马斯平) 常用品种名称 药效学特点 其他β–内酰胺类 头霉素类 头孢西丁 抗厌氧菌,对脆弱类杆菌效差 氧头孢烯类 拉氧头孢 抗厌氧菌,对脆弱类杆菌有效 单环类 氨曲南(君刻单) 抗铜绿假单胞菌等G-杆
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