六丶通货膨胀与失业理论.pdf

六、通货膨胀与失业理论 INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT 通货膨胀定义与危害  通货膨胀是指商品和生产要素价格普遍和 持续的上涨。  持续的通货膨胀会破坏价格机制，使生产 者和消费者作出错误决策，导致资源配置 浪费。  通货膨胀使货币贬值，动摇人们对货币的 信心。  不利于本国出口，不利于国际收支平衡。  不利于储蓄者，不利于贷款者。 Inflation: Its Causes and Costs 通货膨胀：原因与成本  Inflation is an increase in the overall price level.通货膨胀是价格水平的整体上升 ä It is a continuous increase （持续上升）versus a once-and-for-all increase in prices. ä Inflation deals with the increase in the average of prices （平均水平）and not just significant increases in the price of a few goods. The Causes of Inflation  Inflation is an economy-wide monetary phenomenon （货币现象）that concerns, first and foremost, the value of the economy’s medium of exchange. The Causes of Inflation  To understand the causes of inflation we must understand the concepts of money supply, money demand, and monetary equilibrium （货币均衡）. Money Supply and Money Demand  In the long run, the overall level of prices adjusts to the level at which the demand for money equals the supply. Money Supply and Money Demand Value of Price Money Level (High) 1 1 (Low) 3/4 1.33 1/2 2 1/4 4 (Low) 0 (High) Quantity of Money Money Supply and Money Demand Value of Price Money Money supply