西北大学生物化学课件-第一章.pptVIP

Haworth Structures – Step 1 Haworth Structures – Step 2 Haworth Structures – Step 3 单糖的构象 以葡萄糖为例，其半缩醛环上的C-O-C键角为111o，与环己烷的键角（109o）相近，故葡萄糖的吡喃环和环己烷环相似，也有椅式构象和船式构象，其中椅式构象使各单键的扭张强度降低到最小因而较稳定。在两种椅式结构之中，I型上的-OH和-CH2OH这两种较大的基团均为平伏键，所以在热力学上I型比II型稳定。 单糖的衍生物 在特定的酶催化下，单糖在体内可进行各种修饰反应而形成一系列衍生物。常见的衍生物包括：氨基糖；氧化糖；脱氧糖；糖醇；糖苷。 Hexose Derivatives in Nature 单糖的反应性质 The Glycosidic Bond Two sugar molecules can be joined in tandem, when a hydroxyl (alcohol) group of one sugar displaces the hydroxyl group on the other sugar’s anomeric carbon. The bond formed is called a glycosidic bond. In forming the glycosidic bond, an acetal is generated on one sugar (at carbon 1) in place of the hemiacetal. Convince yourself that the other carbon (carbon 4) is not an acetal. Similarly to peptide bond formation, one mole of water is formed per glycosidic bond generated. The disaccharide formed upon condensation of two glucose molecules is called Maltose. Polysaccharides In nature, carbohydrates are most often found as high molecular weight polymers of monosaccharides. These polysaccharides (sometimes called glycans) can be homopolysaccharides (if all of the repeating units are the same), or heteropolysaccharides (if the repeating units are not the same). Polysaccharides serve structural purposes (cellulose and chitin), or serve as fuel reserves (glycogen and starch). Polysaccharides do not have a defined molecular weight. Remember that this is in contrast to proteins. Any given protein will always have the same molecular weight and amino acid composition. This because they are synthesized on a template. This is not the case for polysaccharides. 贮能多糖 常见的贮能多糖有淀粉、糖原和右旋糖酐。这三类多糖的基本组成单位都是D-葡萄糖，因此都属于同多糖。 Starch and Glycogen Granules 淀粉 淀粉又分为直链淀粉和支链淀粉两类。直链淀粉只有α-1,4糖苷键，无分支，其重复的二糖单位为麦芽糖，而支链淀粉既含有α-1,4糖苷键，还有α-1,6糖苷键，其重复的二糖单位主要是麦芽糖，还有少数异麦芽糖。α-1,6糖苷键的出现使得支链淀粉产生分支。 尽管直链淀粉在水中的溶解性很低，但它能在水中形成胶束悬液。胶束中的多糖链采取螺旋构象。碘能够插入到疏水螺旋的中间从而产生蓝色。支链淀粉在水中也形成胶束结构，但碘与其反应产生的是紫红色。 糖胺聚糖 糖胺聚糖（GAG）也叫粘多糖，主要参与细胞外功能，是由多个重复的二糖单位组成的无分支的杂多糖，通常