斯金纳-言语行为.ppt

乔姆斯基的批判：无的放矢(2/3) Chomsky’s criticisms of Skinner are, then, necessarily methodological. The disagreement is fundamentally an epistemological one, a “paradigm clash.”(MacCorquodale 1970) Noam Chomsky wrote a highly critical review of Skinner’s book which some, especially those who had not read Skinner’s book, felt had discredited Skinner’s work. But those who did read the book held that Chomsky had simply missed the point (Ledoux 2002). 乔姆斯基的批判：无的放矢(3/3) 最后，美国的心理学界也不适应乔姆斯基讨论问题的方式了。他们总觉得乔姆斯基在学术上不是心平气和地和大家探索问题，而是搞对抗；不是做研究，而是“闹革命”。…因此乔姆斯基的“革命”在心里学界没有带来触目惊心的战斗，成了一次单方面的宣战（胡壮麟 2008）。 Probably the strongest reason why no one has replied to the review is its tone. (MacCorquodale 1970). 乔姆斯基的批判：语言习得(1/2) 乔姆斯基：It is simply not true that children can learn language only through ‘meticulous care’ on the part of adults who shape their verbal repertoire through careful differential reinforcement (Chomsky 1959:42). 幼儿语言丰富，许多不曾说过，不可能经过操作强化而形成。 乔姆斯基的批判：语言习得(2/2) 斯金纳认为语言习得的过程： The raw responses from which verbal behavior is constructed are not “elicited.” In order to be reinforced a given response we simply wait until it occurs. A child acquires verbal behavior when relatively unpatterned vocalizations, selectively reinforced, gradually assume forms which produce appropriate consequences in a given verbal community… (Skinner 1957: 31). Trial-and-error process (陈国华) 乔姆斯基的批判：内部心理Vs外界因素 (1/3) 乔姆斯基的误读：… that the contribution of the speaker is quite trivial and elementary, and that precise prediction of verbal behavior involves only specification of the few external factors that he has isolated experimentally with lower organisms (Chomsky 1959:28). 乔姆斯基的批判：内部心理Vs外界因素(2/3) 影响言语行为的不仅仅是外部因素。 Chapter 19 Thinking verbal behavior which cannot be observed by others is not properly part of our field….But there would be certain embarrassing gaps in our account. In intraverbal chaining, autoclitics, grammar, sentence composition, editing…(Skinner 1957: 434) 乔姆斯基的批判：内部心理Vs外界