铸造模具设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译.docVIP

PAGE 1 PAGE 1 外文资料翻译 资料来源：书籍 文章名：Chapter 4 Casting Dies 书刊名：《English for Die Mould Design and Manufacturing》 作 者：刘建雄 王家惠 廖丕博 主编 出版社：北京大学出版社，2002 章 节：Chapter 4 Casting Dies 页 码：P61~P96 文章译名： 铸造模具 PAGE 1 PAGE 1 Chapter 4 Forging Die Introduction Forging is a process in which the workpiece is shaped by compressive forces applied through various dies and tools. It is one of the oldest metalworking operations, dating back at least to 4000 B.C.——perhaps as far back as 8000 B.C. Forging was first used to make jewelry, coins, and various implements by hammering metal with tools made of stone. Simple forging operations can be performed with a heavy hand hammer and an anvil, as was traditionally done by blacksmiths. Most forgings, however, require a set of dies and such equipment as a press or a forging hammer. Typical forged products are bolts and rivets, connecting rods, shafts for turbines, gears, hand tools, and structural components for machinery, aircraft, railroads, and a variety of other transportation equipment. Metal flow and grain structure can be controlled, so forged parts have good strength and toughness; they can be used reliably for highly stressed and critical applications (Fig. 4-1). Forg- ing may be done at room temperature (cold forging) or at elevated temperatures (warm or hot forging, depending on the temperature). (b) (c) Fig. 4-1 A part made by three different processes, showing grain flow casting (b) machining (c) forging Because of the higher strength of the material, cold forging requires greater forces, and the workpiece materials must have sufficient ductility at room temperature. Cold-forged parts have good surface finish and dimensional accuracy. Hot forging requires smaller forces, butproduces?dimensional?accuracy?and?surface?finish?that?are?not?as?good.Forgings?generall?yrequire?additional?finishing?operations,?such?as?heat?treating,?to?modify?properties,?and?then?machining?to?obtain?accurate?finished?dim