SPSS假设检验_图文.doc

SPSS数据统计分析与实践主讲:周涛副教授 北京师范大学资源学院 2007 -10 -16 教学网站:/Courses/SPSS 第六章假设检验(Hypothesis Testing本章内容: 一、单样本假设检验 z基本统计原理 z SPSS应用实例 二、独立双样本假设检验 z基本原理 z SPSS应用实例 三、配对双样本假设检验 z基本原理 z SPSS应用实例 几个基本常识 z统计分析常常采取抽样的研究方法。即从总体中抽取一定数量的样本进行研究来推论总体的特征。 z由于总体中的每个个体间存在差异,即使严格遵守随机抽样原则也会有样本统计量与总体参数之间有所不同。 z实验者测量技术的差别或测量仪器精确程度的差别等也会造成一定的偏差,使样本统计量与总体参数之间存在差异。 几个基本常识Cont. z均值不相等的两个样本不一定来自均值不同的总体? (从均值相等的总体等抽样的均值可能不相等,这是抽样造成的 z两个样本的均值不同,其差异是否具有统计意义,能否说明总体差异? (只有样本均值的差异具有统计意义时,才能推断总体均值有差异 z校验假设的基本思想是统计学的“小概率反证法” 一、单样本假设检验 z基本统计原理 z SPSS应用实例 单样本假设检验的用途 z The goal in a one-sample t test is to test if the mean of a single sample differs from a hypothesized population value. z e.g. You read that in the U.S., the average IQ is 100and you know that the average IQ for your coworkers is 127.5. Are you coworkers smarter than the average person in the U.S.? z To answer this type of question in SPSS, request a one-sample t test to compare the mean of the sample IQ value with the constant 100. 单样本假设检验的基本统计原理 主要内容: ?Hypothesis Testing Methodology (假设检验的方法论?Z Test for the Mean (σ Known (Z检验方法,σ已知?p-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing(P-值检验方法?t Test of Hypothesis for the Mean (t检验方法 z A hypothesis is an assumption about the population parameter. z A parameter is a Population mean or proportion z The parameter must be identified before analysis.I assume the mean GPA(总平均成绩 of this class is 3.5! What is a Hypothesis? The Null Hypothesis (零假设,H0 z States the Assumption (numerical to be tested e.g. The average # TV sets in US homes is at least 3(H : μ ≥3 z Begin with the assumption that the null hypothesis is TRUE. (Similar to the notion of innocent until proven guilty ?Refers to the Status Quo (现状 ?Always contains the‘= ‘sign ?The Null Hypothesis may or may not be rejected. z Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e.g. The average # TV sets in US homes is less than 3(H 1: μ 3 z Challenges the Status Quo (现状 z Never contains the ‘=‘sign z The Alternative Hypothesis may or may not be accepted The Alte