美国超验主义transendentalism解析.pptVIP

Transcendentalism Contents 01 Transcendentalism 02 Ralph Waldo Emerson 03 Henry David Thoreau What is American Transcendentalism? American Transcendentalism A. What is Transcendentalism? -- knowledge can be obtained through mental process apart from experiences -- denoting “whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought” -- Emerson said, “Transcendentalism means idealism”. Transcendentalism Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. 1. German and British idealism, originating from Schelling, Fichte, Kant and Thomas Carlyle 2. French eclecticism, especially that of Cousin 3. Oriental mysticism , represented by Hindu works, those of Confucius and Mencius 4. American Puritanism , represented by Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin B. What are the sources of Transcendentalism? 1. The most important thing in the universe is spirit , or the Oversoul . 2. The Transcendentalists stress the importance of the individual. The ideal type of man is the self- reliant individual through the perfection of whom the regeneration of society can be achieved. 3. The Transcendentalists have a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of God. Nature is the garment of the Oversoul . C. What are the doctrines of Transcendentalism? Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 — 1882) A. General Introduction Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 — 1882) a. General Introduction ? Emerson was born in Boston, a descendant from a line of preacher ancestors; ? At school, Emerson read broadly; ? After traveling in Europe and England, he came back and settled in Concord ,