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Design Syllabus Conventional language syllabus Task-based language syllabus Specifies the tasks that should be carried out by learners within a program Types of tasks (Nunan) Real-world tasks, which are designed to practice or rehearse those tasks that are found to be important in a need analysis and turn out to be important and useful in the real world. E.g. using the telephone Pedagogical tasks, which have a psycholinguistic basis in SLA theory and research but do not necessarily reflect real-world tasks E.g. information-gap task Task Types Bangalore Project: both types of tasks (mentioned above) Examples of representative real-world tasks grouped according to themes Types of learning and teaching activities Willis (1996) Pica, Kanagy, and Falodun (1993) Learner roles Group participant Monitor Risk-taker and innovator Teacher roles Selector and sequencer of tasks Preparing learners for tasks Consciousness-raising The role of instructional materials Pedagogic materials Realia Procedure Willis’s recommendation Pretask The task cycle Task Planning Report Posttask The language focus Analysis Practice General characteristics a task involves: Focus on exchanging and understanding meanings, rather than on practice of form or pre-specified forms or patterns There is some kind of purpose or goal set for the task The outcome of the completed task can shared in some way with others. General characteristics a task involves: Tasks can involve any or all four skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing The use of tasks does not preclude language-focused study at some points in a TBL lesson Conclusion What is a task ( a language learning task )? an activity that has a non-linguistic purpose or goal with a clear outcome and that uses any or all of the four language skills in its accomplishment by conveying meaning in a way that reflects real-world language use 任务型教学法的理论基础 语言学理论基础 系统功能语言学:韩礼德(Halliday) 语言学习理论基础 当代认知心理学:皮亚杰(Piaget)、布鲁纳(Blunar) 社会建构学习理论 活动教学论 Skehan(1998)
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