basicconceptsofmedicalinstrumentation医疗器械的基本概念.pptxVIP

Chapter 1-Webster Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation;Figure 1.1 The sensor converts energy or information from the measurand to another form (usually electric). This signal is the processed and displayed so that humans can perceive the information. Elements and connections shown by dashed lines are optional for some applications.;Measurand: Physical quantity;Sensor and Transducer;Signal Conditioning;Output Display;Auxiliary Element;1.3 Alternative Operational Modes;1.3 Sampling and Continuous Modes;1.4 Medical Measurement Constraints;1.5 Classification of Medical Instrument;1.6 Interfering and Modifying Inputs;Figure 1.2 Simplified electrocardiographic recording system Two possible interfering inputs are stray magnetic fields and capacitively coupled noise. Orientation of patient cables and changes in electrode-skin impedance are two possible modifying inputs. Z1 and Z2 represent the electrode-skin interface impedances.;1.7 Compensation Techniques;1.7 Compensation Techniques;Compensation Techniques- Example;1.8 Biostatistics;Medical Research Studies;Statistical Measurements;Statistical Measurements;Statistical Measurements;Methods for inference about a value in a population of subjects from a set of observations. Estimation and confidence of interval: are used to estimate specific parameters such as the mean and the variance. Hypothesis testing and P-value: reveals whether the sample gives enough evidence for us to reject the null hypothesis. P-value indicates how often the observed difference would occur by chance alone. ;Methods for measuring the accuracy of a diagnostic procedure Sensitivity of a test: Probability of its yielding positive results in patients who actually have the disease. Specificity of a test: Probability of its yielding negative results in patients who do not have the disease Prior Probability: the prevalence of the condition prior to the test. ;Characteristics of Instrument Performance;1.9 Generalized Static Characteristics Par