生物化学资料：Chapter 4 Carbohydrate Metabolism.pptVIP

17 18 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 25 26 26 27 Glycogen granules in a hepatocyte. Glycogen is a storage form of carbohydrate in cells, especially hepatocytes, as illustrated here. Glycogen appears as electron-dense particles, often in aggregates or rosettes. In hepatocytes the glycogen is closely associated with tubules of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Many mitochondria are also present. Glycogen Catabolism (glycogenolysis) Getting glucose from storage (or diet) ?-Amylase is an endoglycosidase It cleaves amylopectin（ 支链淀粉） or glycogen to maltose（麦芽糖）, maltotriose （麦芽三糖） and other small oligosaccharides It is active on either side of a branch point, but activity is reduced near the branch points In skeletal muscle and liver, the glucose units of the outer branches of glycogen enter the glycolytic pathway through the action of three enzymes: glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen debranching enzyme, and phosphoglucomutase. Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves glucose from the nonreducing ends of glycogen molecules Debranching enzyme cleaves “limit dextrins（糊精）” Branch Note the 2 activities of the debranching enzyme Glycogen Breakdown Is Catalyzed by Glycogen Phosphorylase 1. oligoglucantransferase (α1,4→α1,4) activity 2. α-(1→6) glucosidase activity Metabolism of Tissue Glycogen Digestive breakdown is unregulated - 100%! But tissue glycogen is an important energy reservoir - its breakdown is carefully controlled Glycogen consists of granules of high MW Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves glucose from the nonreducing ends of glycogen molecules This is a phosphorolysis, not a hydrolysis Tissue Glycogen Catabolism End products: G-1-P(85%)　＋　G(15%) G-1-P is converted to G-6-P In liver, G-6-P is hydrolyzed to free glucose In muscle, G-6-P enters glycolysis Control of Glycogen Metabolism A highly regulated process, involving reciprocal control of glycogen phosphorylase(GP) and glycogen synthase(GS) GP allosterically activated by AMP and inhib