波函数坍缩隐含的理论及实验验证.docVIP

44 - 波函数坍缩隐含的原理及其实验验证 摘要 量子力学是一个经受了许许多多实验验证的极其成功的理论。然而，它的基本原理之一——线性叠加，一个十分关键的原则，显然和我们司空见惯的观察相矛盾：宏观物体从不会以一种线性位置叠加的状态展现在我们的面前。此外，量子力学理论本身并没有解释为什么在一个量子测量中，决定性的演化被概率性的演化所替代，且它的随机结果遵从玻恩概率原则。在这篇论文中会给出一个实验上可被检验的现象学的提议，就是所谓的连续自发坍缩：对薛定谔方程做随机非线性的修正可以解决我们要讨论的问题——当在微观领域中会给出和量子理论同样的实验结果。对于这样的现象隐含着2个理论：回顾动力学和重力引起的坍缩。由与宏观的尺度已经达到，这种提议的预测会开始明显不同于那些量子理论，而且可以接受目前还正在发展的实验检验——包括干涉法以及光动力学。这些实验，可以验证线性叠加杜宇大系统的适用性，论文中还会提到它们技术上的挑战，现金的结果已经预期的总结。很有可能再今后的20几年，这些实验可以核证或者排除我们所建议的对于现今量子理论的随机修正。 关键字：线性叠加 玻恩概率定则 随机非线性修正 坍缩 干涉 光动力学 Models of wave-function collapse,underlying theories,and experimental tests ABSTRACT Quantum mechanics is an extremely successful theory that agrees with every experimental test. However, the principle of linear superposition, a central tenet of the theory, apparently contradicts a commonplace observation: macroscopic objects are never found in a linear superposition of position states. Moreover, the theory does not explain why during a quantum measurement, deterministic evolution is replaced by probabilistic evolution, whose random outcomes obey the Born probability rule. In this article a review is given of an experimentally falsifiable phenomenological proposal, known as continuous spontaneous collapse: a stochastic nonlinear modification of the Schro¨dinger equation, which resolves these problems, while giving the same experimental results as quantum theory in the microscopic regime. Two underlying theories for this phenomenology are reviewed: trace dynamics and gravity-induced collapse. As the macroscopic scale is approached, predictions of this proposal begin to differ appreciably from those of quantum theory and are being confronted by ongoing laboratory experiments that include molecular interferometry and optomechanics. These experiments, which test the validity of linear superposition for large systems, are reviewed here, and their technical challenges, current results, and future prospects summarized. It is likely that over the next t